Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
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Outside powers take a growing interest in this oil-rich African state where the U.S. Embassy has been closed since 2014.
Libya’s acute vulnerabilities to climate change have been exacerbated by years of conflict, corruption, infrastructural decay, and environmental deterioration.
But one event is missing from these analyses, an episode that combines political and emotional aspects, and helped crystallize Putin’s distrust of the West, his own sense of vulnerability, and his ultimate decision to return as Russia’s president: the 2011 NATO-led intervention in Libya that resulted in the violent death of the country’s eccentric dictator Muammar Gaddafi.
There is no question that Washington’s position in the broader Middle East was dented by the fiasco in Afghanistan. Ultimately, however, U.S. assets in the region are still unrivaled: the United States’ political and economic influence, hard power, soft power, embrace of multilateral diplomacy, and leadership of a rules-based global order continue to give it the upper hand over all its rivals.
In June 2017, Saudi authorities at the immigration counter at the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah pulled aside for questioning two young Libyan men who were flying back to Libya after performing the umrah pilgrimage.
Humanity’s response to the climate crisis is reproducing the same logic that created it. The history of the Middle East and the Arab Spring foretell our global future: ignore ecological integrity at your peril.
Among the bevy of great and middle powers involved in Libya, China is often neglected. It is not pouring in mercenaries or conducting airstrikes, but China is steadily investing and exerting influence in ways that promote Libya’s eventual integration into China’s global ambitions.
The spread of the novel coronavirus will have a devastating effect on the Middle East’s communities of refugees and migrants.
The last time Libya’s war had the world’s full attention, it was being fought mainly by Libyans.
Turkey’s military intervention in Libya, involving the deployment of Syrian fighters, is the latest chess move in a long-running civil war that followed the 2011 revolution, the NATO-led intervention, and the overthrow of the dictator Muammar Qaddafi.