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Yet as BRICS approaches its 15th summit in Johannesburg this August, the grouping is experiencing an unprecedented disagreement over enlargement. The outcome will be a test of BRICS identity in the face of rising Chinese influence.
For the West, concerns about dependency are often cast in terms of China’s dominance in producing critical goods such as pharmaceuticals or the lithium essential in most batteries.
However it happens, a world in which trade isn’t structured around the dollar will require a massive transformation of the structure of global trade — and for surplus countries like Brazil, Germany, Saudi Arabi, and China, this is likely to be a very disruptive transformation.
The messy nature of decisions is important both for US citizens and the world.
Multi-alignment—when states form overlapping relationships with several major powers—is not a back-up option for these states but their first choice.
As China seeks greater commercial and military advantage across the world’s oceans, its expansive global network of commercial ports both reflects and amplifies its growing power.
For communities around the world, especially in the global south, it’s been clear for decades that the neoliberal “Washington Consensus,” which emerged in the 1980s and focused on deregulation, privatization, austerity, and trade liberalization, was a predatory and destructive model.
President Putin’s recent decree, according to which European companies are at risk of losing assets with little or no compensation, will allow the Kremlin to drive new wedges between states and companies in the West.
The Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration has a realistic opportunity to attain three historic achievements during its first year: tax reform, a new fiscal framework, and the ratification of the free-trade agreement between Mercosur - a trade alliance formed of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay - and the European Union.
Thus, even as the clamor dies down, the visit raised two important questions that cannot easily be explained away: When it comes to China, who speaks for Europe? And where is European policy on China heading?